Showing posts with label computer science. Show all posts
Showing posts with label computer science. Show all posts

Monday, May 1, 2023

Everything you need to know about Gladys West

Gladys West is an American mathematician who is best known for her contribution to the development of the Global Positioning System (GPS). She was born on October 27, 1930, in Sutherland, Virginia, USA.



Education and Early Career:

West earned her Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics from Virginia State University in 1952. She later attended the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, where she earned her Master of Science degree in Mathematics in 1974.

Career in the US Navy:

West began her career as a teacher in Sussex County, Virginia. She then joined the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) in Dahlgren, Virginia, as a mathematician in 1956. She worked at the NSWC for over 40 years until her retirement in 1998.

Contribution to GPS:

GPS stands for Global Positioning System, and it is a satellite-based navigation system that allows users to determine their precise location and track their movement. The system was developed by the United States Department of Defense and became operational in 1995.


GPS works by using a network of satellites orbiting the Earth to transmit signals to GPS receivers on the ground. The GPS receiver uses these signals to calculate its own precise location, as well as the time and velocity.

The GPS system is used for a wide range of applications, including navigation for vehicles, aircraft, and ships, surveying and mapping, geocaching, and tracking wildlife. It has also become an important tool for emergency responders, search and rescue teams, and the military.

The accuracy of GPS has improved significantly over the years, and it is now possible to determine locations with an accuracy of a few meters or even centimetres. GPS has become a ubiquitous technology and has changed the way we navigate and interact with the world around us.

During her time at NSWC, West was part of a team of mathematicians who developed the mathematical model that made it possible to precisely calculate the satellite positions needed for GPS technology. Her contributions were integral to the development of GPS, which is now widely used in navigation and other applications.

Recognition:

Despite her significant contributions to GPS technology, West's work was not widely recognized until later in her career. In 2018, she was inducted into the Air Force Space and Missile Pioneers Hall of Fame, becoming the first black woman to receive this honour. She was also awarded the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation's Lifetime Achievement Award in Science and Technology in the same year.

Gladys West is married and has three children. She is an active member of her community and has been involved in various civic and church organizations throughout her life.


Everything you need to know about John von Neumann

John von Neumann was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, and computer scientist who made significant contributions to a wide range of fields, including mathematics, game theory, nuclear physics, and computer science.

Von Neumann was born in Budapest, Hungary in 1903. He showed a remarkable talent for mathematics at an early age, and by the time he was a teenager, he was already publishing research papers.

In the 1920s and 1930s, von Neumann made important contributions to several fields of mathematics, including set theory, functional analysis, and the theory of operator algebras.

During World War II, von Neumann worked on the Manhattan Project, which developed the first nuclear weapons. He made significant contributions to the design of the explosive lenses used in the bombs, and also helped develop the concept of implosion.

After the war, von Neumann turned his attention to computer science, and helped develop the first modern digital computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC). He also helped pioneer the concept of stored-program computers, which allow instructions to be stored in memory and executed in any order.

Von Neumann is also known for his work in game theory, which studies how people interact in strategic situations. He developed the concept of the minimax theorem, which states that in a two-player game with perfect information, there is always a strategy that guarantees the best possible outcome for one player, assuming the other player also plays optimally.


Von Neumann Architecture

The von Neumann architecture, also known as the von Neumann model or von Neumann bottleneck, is a design concept for a computer architecture developed by John von Neumann in the 1940s. It is the most widely used architecture for modern computers and forms the basis for most computer systems today.


The von Neumann architecture consists of five key components:

  1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU is responsible for processing data and instructions. It contains the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), which performs mathematical and logical operations, and the control unit, which manages the flow of data between the CPU and other components.

  2. Memory: Memory is used to store data and instructions that the CPU needs to access quickly. It is divided into two types: read-only memory (ROM), which contains instructions that are permanently stored and cannot be changed, and random-access memory (RAM), which can be read from and written to by the CPU.

  3. Input/Output (I/O) Devices: These devices are used to interact with the computer, such as a keyboard or mouse for input, and a display or printer for output.

  4. Bus: The bus is a set of wires that connect the CPU, memory, and I/O devices, allowing them to communicate with each other.

  5. System Clock: The clock generates a signal that synchronizes the operations of the CPU and other components.

One of the key features of the von Neumann architecture is that it uses a stored-program concept, in which instructions are stored in memory alongside data. This allows the CPU to retrieve and execute instructions in a sequential order, and enables a high degree of flexibility and programmability.

However, the von Neumann architecture also has a limitation known as the von Neumann bottleneck. Because the CPU and memory share the same bus, data transfer between the two can be slow, limiting the overall performance of the system. To address this issue, modern computer systems may use techniques such as caching, pipelining, and multiple cores to improve performance.


Von Neumann died in 1957 at the age of 53 from cancer. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential mathematicians and scientists of the 20th century, and his ideas and discoveries continue to have an impact on fields ranging from computer science to economics to physics.

1.1.3 Embedded Systems

Today's Knowledge

- The purpose and characteristics of embedded systems

- Examples of embedded systems 


What you need to know:


Characteristics of an embedded system

-        Low power consumption

-        Small in size

-        Low cost per unit

-        Specialised to a specific task/set of tasks

-        Limited resources

-        Often functions without a user

 

Examples of an embedded systems

Dishwasher, MP3 player, Washing machine, Mobile phone, Vacuum robot, Thermostat, Microwave, Coffee machine, Car management systems.

               


Related Topic:

A general purpose system is a computer that is designed to be able to carry out many

different tasks. Examples include a PC, Laptop, Smartphone, Tablet.

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1.1.2 CPU Performance

Today's Knowledge

- Clock Speed

- Cache Size

- Number of Cores

 


What you need to know:


Cores

-        A core acts as an additional processing unit (basically a CPU on a CPU)

-        A core contains an ALUcontrol unit and registers

-        CPUs with multiple cores have more power to run multiple programs at the same time.



The CPU with six cores will have more power to run multiple programs at the same time than the quad-cord does, so you could say that the six-core processor is the more powerful computer… Although other factors such as clock speed, RAM and cache also play a massive factor to the overall outcome of a PCs performance.

 

 

Clock speed

-        Is measured in Mhz (megahertz) or Ghz (Gigahertz).

-        Indicates the number of fetch-decode-execute cycles the CPU can perform in a second.

-        1(Ghz) CPU is doing 1 billion cycles per second. 3(Ghz) CPU is doing 3 billion cycles per second.

-        You can increase a CPU clock speed, which will make your computer run faster - this is called overclocking.

 

 

 

Cache (Static Random Access Memory)

-        Cache stores copies of data and instructions from memory that is waiting to be used by the CPU.

-        It holds common data that it thinks the CPU is going to access over and over again.

-        It is faster to transfer to and from cache than transferring data to and from the RAM.

-        The greater the cache you have, the more instructions can be stored, the faster your computer can perform.



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1.1.1 Systems Architecture

Today's Knowledge

 - The Purpose of the CPU

- Common CPU components and their functions

- Von Neumann Architecture
















What you need to know:






1.1.1 Fetch Decode & Execute Cycle.

The fetch-decode-execute cycle describes the basic operation

of modern computers.

 

Fetch

-        Instructions are loaded into the RAM (main memory)

-        Each instruction is then fetched from main memory (in order)

 

Decode

-        The instruction is then decoded (works out what it needs to do)

 

Execute

-        The decoded instruction is then executed (carried out)

-        Examples of an instruction can be… performing a calculation. Storing information back into RAM 



Related topic:

Clock speed:  3Ghz CPU = 3 billion (FDE) cycles per second



Common CPU components and their function & Von Neumann Architecture:


ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

Performs calculations and logical decisions.

Manages: Arithmetic and logical operations, calculations and comparisons.

 

CU (Control Unit)

Sends signals to other components controlling how data moves around the CPU.

Manages: The instructions            Controls:  The other components

 

Cache

Stores and provides fast access to frequently used instructions and data.

 

Registers (high speed memory that helps the control of data around the CPU)

Program Counter (PC): Stores the address of the next instruction to be run.

Memory Address Register (MAR): Stores the address of where data is fetched from.

Memory Data Register (MDR): Stores the data that is fetched from main memory.

Accumulator (Acc): Stores the results of the calculation.



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A Guide to Online Streaming\Broadcasting

Intro to online streaming\broadcasting

Online gaming is one of the largest growing hobbies in Europe and North America today; it is the easiest way to play games whilst interacting with people from around the World, all from the comfort of your own home. However, we know about online gaming, it has been around for years, its old news. I want to talk to you about online streaming, broadcasting while you are online streaming, recording yourself gaming, whilst viewers tune in to watch you game. Sounds crazy, I know, but this is the future, people love watching other gamer’s game. And the interest is growing at a ridiculous rate.

So to understand why watching other people playing games is becoming so popular, first, we need to look at the two scales of online broadcasting and why the appeal is drawing in so many spectators.

Q. Why do people spend hours and hours watching another person playing a game?

A. I would narrow this down to three main points; the first is because simply, the streamer plays the game at an extremely high level. Growing up I have watched countless hours of quick scope shots and ridiculously long kills streaks on Call of Duty and I just wished that I could have been good at the game. Watching someone else who can achieve this, wasn’t necessarily to learn how to quick scope but just to be amazed by how good this player I was watching was.

The next would be the amusement, the factor to be entertained by the gamer. Maybe because of the streamers energy he puts into each stream, maybe the streamer makes you laugh and is very interactive with his or her viewers. It could be that the streamer gives rewards to their viewers, I’d like to say or think at least that this is the type of online streamer that I am. People don’t necessarily come to the stream because I am good at the game I am playing, but come because I put on a show, I entertain the people!

And the third, the third would be the I say a cross of the two points above, but with a more movie feel, streamers that play game with storey lines, Red Dead Redemption, Grand Theft Auto, games where viewers could tune it as be part of the playing experience, be a part of the storey, as almost if the viewer was playing the storey along with the streamer. Streamers who prefer to broadcast this type of show, tend to put in a lot of effort into overlays and making there page look the bee’s knees, viewers love that, It may not always bring in a lot of watchers, but the loyal viewers will come back and reward the streamer.

I feel I have pin pointed the main three types of gamer which keeps bringing in these knew viewers to online broadcasting, and what brings the old one’s back again and again. But you also want to know…

Q. Why do players who stream online, choose to broadcast there gameplay to the World?

A. The first gamer links back to previous questions first answer, because the gamer plays a certain game at a high level. Perhaps being ridiculously good a game could go to a gamers head, were they become arrogant and want to show the other gamers just how good they are. Yes there a been a few occasions where I have jumped onto a gamers live stream and they have been top of the leader board, bragging about how they can’t be beaten, which is fair enough, showcase your excellence to the gaming World!

Now some gamers do this for money, yes money, you can be paid to play games, to let other people watch you play games, you can be paid! What a world we live in! Now just because I have said this, this is not a time to go and quit your day to and start online streaming, although there are gamers who do this is a full time job. Different streaming providers such as YouTube and Twitch have methods of managing how you can get paid for streaming, from subscriptions to donations, but we will go into more detail about this another time.

Now me, personally. I stream on twitch for two reasons. The first is just the enjoyment of sharing my experience of playing with other people, I am very passionate player and the viewers see that when they watch my stream. I get excited when something cool happens and I get annoyed when something doesn’t go my way, but I interact and always make sure the watchers are entertained. I think the other reason I stream is because of the money that can be made from playing online games, who doesn’t like making a little money on the side whilst playing a video game.

So I hope I have given you a small in-sight to the reasons why online streaming is such a fast developing area in the online gaming World. So now, you know why gamers broadcast, and why people choose to watch streams. Now, you want to know how…

Q. So how do I become a live streaming video gamer?

A. It’s simple really, first you need to decide what kind of online streamer you want to become. Now I am a PlayStation gamer, simply because I play Madden and I’ve been playing PlayStation since I was around 5. So straight away, I am going to become a console gamer, and I am going to be playing Madden because I a damn good Madden player and I play this game with the most passion.

Next, I need to find myself a live streaming platform. Now I have chosen to use Twitch to host my gaming channel. Now there are other alternatives you can use such as UStream, Mixer, YouTube gaming and many many more. I decided to use twitch because of three reasons, 1st - My friends used Twitch, simple. 2nd - It is currently the fastest growing video streaming platform in the World. 3rd – Twitch supports PlayStation 4 and the twitch app is available to download from the PlayStation Store. How many more reasons do you need! Lol.

I will also need hardware, now you don’t need to go out and buy yourself a laptop with a i7 processor or a camera with 4K compatibility to achieve a great stream. What you will need is a list, the below is the list of hardware I use to stream with, and don’t worry it is very, very basic…

-        PlayStation 4

-        PlayStation Camera

-        Dell Latitude E6230 – Intel i3 processor, SSD 250GB, 4GB RAM

-        Turtle Beach Recon 500 Stereo Gaming Headset

And folks, that is it!

Obviously, you can purchase more advanced equipment to improve not only your gaming experience, but will also give your audience a better viewer experience also. It’s the little things, like adding overlays, which is software related. Using a better camera to increase display performance, all things I will go into much greater detail in another article.

And that’s me ready to start streaming, like I said, not much to it! Now obviously this is a very basic setup, but to get up and running, is as easy as Tom Brady has made winning the AFC East for the last 10 years.

Now you can always do bits and bobs to help get your channel off the ground other than just logging in and start streaming, for example, I have both Twitter and Instagram accounts so my fans can interacted with me, even when I’m not streaming. It also shows that you are an approachable and engaging person who welcomes anyone to come and join your community. That’s a short guide on to how to start streaming. BooM!

So this has been a very quick intro to the World of online streaming, why people choose to online stream, why people watch random people streaming, and finally, how can you start your venture as an online streamer.

 

  • Intro to online streaming
  • What is Twitch?
  • How you can start streaming
  • Equipment needed
  • Conclusion

Twitch games

Twitch

Twitch prime

How to stream on twitch

Twitch live stream

How to broadcast twitch

Streaming

Online games

Play online games

Broadcast

Chroma key

Cam (webcam)

Webcam online

PlayStation network

PSN